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26 Dec 2024

Eyes of the Past: India’s Ancient Gift to Modern Sight

Written by
The Logical Indian
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Science and Wellbeing
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Guaranteed Pension Plan

Introduction

Cataract surgery, a miraculous feat in modern medicine, has a history deeply  rooted in ancient India. Imagine a time over two millennia ago when healers in  the Indian subcontinent were pioneering techniques to bring light to eyes  clouded by cataracts. Today, as we marvel at the advanced and virtually painless  cataract surgeries, it is essential to acknowledge the rich heritage that traces  back to the genius minds of ancient Indian doctors.

History

In the 5th century BC, ancient Indian physicians practised a technique known as  ‘couching’ to address cataracts. In this method, the skilled surgeon dislodged the  cataractous lens into the back of the eye, allowing light to enter and restore  limited but unfocused vision. This early innovation paved the way for similar  methods like ‘needling’ employed by the Greeks and Egyptians, where the  cataract was sliced into particles that the body could absorb. Though not perfect,  these techniques marked a crucial step in treating cataracts and preserving  vision. 

 

The evolution continued, and extracapsular cataract extraction replaced the  ancient couching technique. Sushruta, an Indian surgeon practising around 600  BC, is credited as the first to perform extracapsular cataract extraction. This  marked a significant advancement, setting the stage for future developments in  cataract surgery. The first recorded surgical cataract extraction in the West took  place in Paris in 1747, a testament to the global impact of these ancient  innovations.

Evolution in 20ᵗʰ century

Fast forward to the mid-20th century when modern cataract surgery, with the  introduction of intraocular lens implants (IOLs), revolutionised the field. Dr Harold  Ridley's pioneering research on replacing cataractous lenses with artificial  polymethyl methacrylate lenses paved the way for a new era in cataract surgery. 

 

Today, various cataract surgery techniques showcase the progress made over the  centuries. One such technique is extracapsular cataract extraction, involving a  6mm limbal incision, intraocular lens implantation, and sutures. While not as  widely practised, it played a role in the historical development of cataract surgery. 

 

Small incision sutureless cataract surgery, a stitchless procedure with a scleral  tunnel incision, is ideal for advanced cataract cases where phacoemulsification might not be suitable. Micro-incision cataract surgery further minimises  invasiveness, with incisions less than 2.0 mm, enhancing refractive outcomes. 

 

The evolution reaches its peak with laser-assisted cataract surgery, the latest  advancement. This method, guided by optical coherence tomography, utilises a  laser for precise corneal incisions, offering unparalleled accuracy. This cutting edge technique exemplifies the ongoing contributions of modern science to the  field of cataract surgery.

Sushruta’s work towards cataract Surgery

Amidst these advancements, it is crucial to recognise the historical roots of these  innovations. Sushruta, the celebrated physician-surgeon from ancient India, left  an indelible mark with his groundbreaking work. His detailed classification of eye  diseases, including what could be the earliest extracapsular cataract surgery,  showcases his unparalleled virtuosity. In a time when diagnostic aids were  limited, Sushruta’s ability to manage common eye conditions laid the foundation  for the remarkable progress we witness today.

Conclusion

In conclusion, as we benefit from the marvels of modern cataract surgery, let us  not forget the ancient roots that laid the groundwork for these advancements.  India’s contributions to the world of medicine, especially in ophthalmology, are  profound and continue to shape the way we perceive the gift of sight. The  journey from couching to laser-assisted surgery is a testament to human  ingenuity, with India playing a significant role in this fascinating odyssey through  time.

References

 

● National Center For Biotechnology Information

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9476614/#:~:text=In%20particular%2C%20 Sushruta%20describes%20what,a%20testament%20to%20his%20virtuosity 

 

● Neoretina Eyecare center 

https://neoretina.com/blog/evolution-of-cataract-surgery-types-of-surgery and-advantages-of-technological-advancements/

 

 

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IndiaFirst Life & the logical indian

Headquartered in Mumbai, IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company Limited (IndiaFirst Life), is one of the country's youngest life insurance companies. The Logical Indian is an independent and public-spirited digital media platform for Indian Millennials. IndiaFirst Life and The Logical Indian have come together to showcase India’s rich history of innovation in different fields of life which have made a significant mark on humanity and globally. Please note, The information presented here is the result of a collaborative effort between The IndiaFirst Life, Dentsu Creative & The Logical Indian. All research and fact-finding is credited to Dentsu Creative in association with The Logical Indian.

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