1. Be Clear About Your Financial Goals
Before choosing a savings plan, ask yourself:
What am I saving for? (Retirement, child’s education, home purchase, emergency fund, or any other similar need)
What is my time horizon? (Short-term: 1-5 years; Long-term: 10+ years)
How much risk can I tolerate? (Low-risk: FDs, PPF; Moderate-risk: ULIPs, NPS)
For example, if you are saving for a down payment on a house in 5 years, a 5-year FD or RD may be ideal. However, if you have a long-term plan, such as retirement planning (20+ years), PPF or NPS may be better due to their compounding benefits. Use an investment calculator to get clear estimates about how much you should be investing for a desired amount within a specific period.
2. Know Your Risk Appetite Well
There are many plans in the market that offer high returns. It is important to choose savings plans aligning with your risk appetite. Savings plans can vary in risk levels. Low-risk options include FDs, PPF, NSC, Post Office Schemes (guaranteed returns), while moderate-risk plans can be ULIPs or NPS (market-linked and regulated). For those with a high-risk appetite, Equity-linked Savings Scheme (ELSS) can provide better returns (while bringing some volatility along with it).
Remember - if you tend to panic during market downturns, it is better to stick to government-backed schemes such as PPF or SCSS.
3. Compare Returns & Lock-in Periods
You need to assess the savings plan options based on two major aspects: their returns and lock-in/ maturity periods. High-return plans such as ULIPs or NPS often have longer lock-ins (5-15 years). If your needs are short-term, i.e., under 5 years, it is better to stick to FDs, RDs, or liquid funds. Using an investment calculator can make it easier to estimate the returns and compare plans effectively.
Additionally, check whether the returns are tax-free. Options such as PPF and ELSS offer tax-free maturity, while the interest on FDs is taxable. *
4. Check Liquidity & Withdrawal Flexibility
Consider how easily you can access your funds in times of need. Your emergency savings should not be locked in a long-term savings plan that comes with heavy withdrawal penalties.
The following can help you get a better understanding of this aspect:
For emergency access, consider savings plans such as Post Office MIS or FDs, as they allow premature withdrawals (with some penalties).
Strict lock-in options include PPF (15 years) and SSY (21 years).
Some savings plans come with partial withdrawal options and may even allow loans against the policy.
5. Evaluate Tax Benefits*
The tax treatment of contributions, interest earned, and maturity amounts varies across savings plans. Section 80C deductions apply to PPF, ELSS, and 5-year FDs, while maturity proceeds from PPF and ULIPs (subject to premium limits) are tax-free. Interest on FD is added to your income slab, while TDS is applicable on your SCSS returns.
Don’t forget to factor in inflation when evaluating the savings plan. Make sure to match the plan to your life stage to ensure your present life is not compromised in the pursuit of a secure future.
Here’s a final checklist before you invest:
✔ Goal clarity (short/long-term)
✔ Risk tolerance assessment
✔ Comparison of returns & lock-ins
✔ Tax efficiency
✔Liquidity needs
✔ Inflation protection
Consult a financial advisor if you are unsure, especially for complex savings plans such as ULIPs or NPS.