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13 Aug 2024

Zero: India's Timeless Contribution to Mathematics

Written by

The Logical Indian

Category

Science and Wellbeing

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Introduction

Roaming the expansive territory of mathematics, one small but mighty concept stands out—the invention of zero. This seemingly simple idea, born in ancient India, has a profound impact on the world of numbers and calculations. Let's take a journey through time to unravel the story of zero, its discovery, and how India played a pivotal role in shaping the mathematics we know today.

The Origins and Early Contributions

The concept of zero finds its roots in the numerical notations of ancient India. While scholars once debated the contributions of Aryabhatta and Brahmagupta to the discovery of zero, it's now widely accepted that both made significant strides. Aryabhatta, a mathematical pioneer, not only introduced the decimal system but also ingeniously used zero as a placeholder. On the other hand, Brahmagupta took the reins to develop rules for arithmetic operations involving zero and negative numbers, laying the foundation for mathematical advancements.

As we delve into the annals of history, we find that Indian mathematicians continued to refine and advance the concept of zero. In the 7th century, texts like Brahmasphutasiddhanta explicitly recognized zero as a numeral, showcasing the deep understanding and contributions of Indian mathematicians to this revolutionary idea.

The Symbol that Changed Mathematics

The first modern equivalent of the numeral zero emerged from the brilliant mind of Brahmagupta in 628. His symbol, a dot beneath a number, marked the birth of our familiar zero. Brahmagupta not only introduced this symbol but also formulated rules for addition and subtraction involving zero, making significant strides in arithmetic operations.

An intriguing discovery awaits us in the ancient city of Gwalior, India, where a circle inscribed on a temple wall dates back to the ninth century. This, according to the University of Oxford, is the oldest recorded example of zero. The numeral also makes its presence felt on the Bhakshali Manuscript, a scroll dating back to the third or fourth century. This tangible evidence strongly suggests that India can indeed be credited with the discovery of zero.

The Mathematical Legacy of Zero

The evolution of zero didn't stop there. In the 7th century, the mathematician Mahavira penned the Ganita Sara Samgraha, building upon Brahmagupta's work. While he corrected some of Brahmagupta's errors, the conundrum of division by zero persisted.

Fast forward to the 9th century, when Bhaskara, after 500 years of Brahmagupta, took on the challenge of division by stating that any number divided by zero is infinity. While this concept was conceptually flawed, Bhaskara correctly stated other properties of zero, such as the square of zero being zero and the square root of zero also being zero.

The torch of Zero's enlightenment continued to spread beyond the Indian subcontinent. Islamic and Arabic mathematicians carried the wisdom of Indian mathematicians westward, with Al-Khwarizmi describing the Indian place-value system and Ibn Ezra spreading the concept of Indian numeral symbols and decimal fractions to Europe.

In the 13th century, Chinese mathematicians, inspired by Indian ideas, adopted the symbol 'O' for zero. In Europe, it took until the 17th century for zero to gain widespread acceptance. The word 'zero' itself likely has its roots in the Sanskrit word 'shunya' or the Hindi equivalent, showcasing the linguistic connection to India.

Reflecting on Zero’s Legacy

In conclusion, the invention of zero is a fascinating journey that traces back to the ingenious minds of ancient Indian mathematicians. From Aryabhatta to Brahmagupta, Mahavira to Bhaskara, these scholars paved the way for a concept that revolutionised mathematics globally. Today, as we effortlessly use zero in our calculations, let's take a moment to appreciate the incredible gift that India has bestowed upon the world—the marvellous invention of zero.

References

Vugyanprasar, Rintu Nath, May 2012
(https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/DreamMay2012Eng.pdf)
BBC, Mariellen Ward, 9th Aug 2018 (https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180807-how-india-gave-us-the-zero)
BBC, Hannah Fry, 6th Dec 2016 (https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20161206-we-couldnt-live-without-zero-but-we-once-had-to)
Diplomacy
https://www.diplomacy.edu/blog/origins-of-zero-a-fascinating-story-of-science-and-spirituality-across-civilisations/
Euro School India
https://www.euroschoolindia.com/blogs/who-invented-zero/

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IndiaFirst Life & the logical indian

Headquartered in Mumbai, IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company Limited (IndiaFirst Life), is one of the country's youngest life insurance companies. The Logical Indian is an independent and public-spirited digital media platform for Indian Millennials. IndiaFirst Life and The Logical Indian have come together to showcase India’s rich history of innovation in different fields of life which have made a significant mark on humanity and globally. The information presented here is the result of a collaborative effort between The IndiaFirst Life, Dentsu Creative & The Logical Indian. All research and fact-finding is credited to Dentsu Creative in association with The Logical Indian.