What is a Fixed Deposit?
A fixed deposit is considered to a traditional, safe option to create savings, whether it be for the long-term or the short-term. Knowing what a fixed deposit is, how it functions, and how to make the best use of it, can help you with making the best use of this option.
A fixed deposit (FD) is a contract between you and the financial institution offering the service. You start your FD for a defined time duration, which could be anywhere between a month or a year. Once you have selected these details and made an application, you can deposit the amount, aka the principal, so it can be locked in for the defined duration.
For FDs, the institution offers a fixed interest rate for that entire period. This interest rate is usually higher compared to interest rates of traditional savings accounts. FD interest may be paid out periodically or compounded for payout at maturity, as chosen by the accountholder. If you’re new to FDs, calculating the maturity amount may seem complicated at first. You can try using an online FD calculator to understand the resulting interest values.
Traditional instruments like FDs serve as a reliable tool for goal-based planning, such as saving for education or a major purchase. The principal amount invested in an FD remains unaffected throughout the tenure. This is because it is not subject to change due to any market fluctuations. You receive a deposit certificate or digital acknowledgement, which also serves as proof for tax filings.
How Does an FD Work?
When you open an FD account, you have to make a decision on the following aspects:
Principal Amount: The sum you wish to invest.
Tenure: Also known as the lock-in period, can range from a few days to several years.
Payout Frequency: Options typically include monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or at maturity.
Interest Rate: Fixed at the time of deposit and unaffected by subsequent rate changes.
Interest is calculated on the principal and the compounding frequency you select. On maturity, you receive the original deposit plus accumulated interest. Early withdrawal usually attracts a nominal penalty—often a reduction in the interest rate. Many institutions offer loans against an FD, allowing you to access funds without closing the deposit. Finally, you receive a certificate or digital record, useful for both accounting and tax purposes.
Fixed Deposit Interest Rates
FD interest rates vary across financial institutions as well as the type of product selected. You can choose the product based on the interest rates announced with the product.
Rates are reviewed and revised quarterly. Prevailing economic conditions may influence the final rate. Interest is commonly compounded quarterly or monthly, and online bookings often carry slightly higher rates to reward digital customers seeking consistent, stable, predictable returns.
Post Office FD Interest Rates
The Post Office Fixed Deposit scheme for April–June 2025 offers competitive rates across multiple tenures. Investors can choose a one-year deposit at 6.90% p.a., a two-year deposit at 7.00% p.a., a three-year deposit at 7.10% p.a. or a five-year deposit at 7.50% p.a. All rates are compounded quarterly with interest paid out annually. The minimum deposit amount is ₹200, and there is no upper limit. Additional features include nomination facility, loan against deposit and automatic renewal options. Deposits are backed by sovereign guarantee, ensuring safety of principal and interest. FD interest earned is taxable as per prevailing regulations. Online booking is available.
Post Office FD Tenure
| Interest Rate (% p.a.)
|
1-Year Deposit
| 6.90
|
2-Year Deposit
| 7.00
|
3-Year Deposit
| 7.10
|
5-Year Deposit
| 7.50
|
Senior Citizens Fixed Deposit Rates
Senior citizens (aged 60 years and above) are eligible for an additional 0.50% p.a. over standard FD rates, as per regulatory guidelines. Consequently, current senior citizen FD rates typically fall into the following bands:
Short Tenures (7–45 days): around 3.50% p.a.
Medium Tenures (46 days–1 year): around 5.00%–6.50% p.a.
Long Tenures (1–5 years): around 7.00%–8.50% p.a.
Very Long Tenures (5–10 years): around 6.50%–7.50% p.a.
Interest is compounded quarterly or monthly. Premature withdrawals are allowed after six months, subject to a 1% p.a. rate reduction penalty. Fixed deposits can be pledged as collateral without breaking the deposit. Deposits under senior schemes are protected by deposit insurance up to ₹5 lakh per depositor per bank, ensuring security of principal and interest. Booking is available at branches or online, with digital certificates issued to simplify record-keeping. Simplified nomination and automatic renewal features are mandated for senior schemes. Under Section 80TTB of the Income Tax Act, up to ₹50,000 p.a. of FD interest is deductible for senior citizens, boosting after-tax income.
Types of Fixed Deposit
Standard Fixed Deposit
A traditional term deposit where you lock in a lump-sum amount for a chosen tenure. Interest rates are fixed at the time of deposit and remain unchanged until maturity. You may opt for monthly, quarterly or annual FD interest payouts, or let the interest compound for a single maturity payout. If you want to know the exact amount you can receive at the time of maturity, you can use an online FD calculator to find out.
Tax-saving FD
A five-year tax saving fixed deposit that qualifies for deduction under tax laws, subject to lock-in. Interest is taxable, but the principal earns tax benefit. Withdrawals before maturity are not allowed. This product suits investors seeking long-term savings with a modest tax incentive.
Floating Rate Fixed Deposit
An FD whose rate resets periodically in line with benchmark rate movements. You benefit when benchmark rates rise, while still retaining principal security. Interest rates typically reset every three or six months. Ideal for those who expect rising interest rate cycles.
Flexi FD
It is one of the hybrid types of fixed deposit that is linked to your savings account. Excess savings are automatically swept into an FD at day-end, earning higher interest. On need, funds auto-sweep back to your savings account. It combines liquidity with better returns.
Senior Citizen Fixed Deposit
A dedicated FD for investors aged 60+, offering a fixed extra rate over standard deposits. Tenure options and compounding frequencies mirror regular FDs, but the boosted rate provides enhanced income for retirees.
Cumulative FD
Interest is compounded at chosen intervals and paid out along with principal at maturity. There are no periodic payouts, making it suitable for those reinvesting income for higher corpus growth.
Non-cumulative FD
Interest is paid out at regular intervals (monthly, quarterly or annually), while the principal remains locked. This structure suits investors seeking steady, periodic income without dipping into their principal.
Callable FD
Issuer has the right to call (redeem) the FD before maturity if interest rates fall. Investors typically receive a slightly higher rate to compensate for this call risk. Not common for small retail deposits.
Non-callable FD
The deposit cannot be prematurely redeemed by the issuer. You retain the full tenure lock-in, giving you certainty of income and protecting against early redemption risk.
Corporate Fixed Deposit
Offered by non-bank financial companies. These may carry higher FD interest rates but also higher credit risk. Tenure and payout options vary. Often unsecured and subject to issuer creditworthiness.
Types of FD for Non-Resident Indians (NRIs)
Non-Resident External(NRE) Deposit
An NRE deposit allows NRIs to park foreign earnings in Indian rupees. Both principal and interest are fully repatriable, so you can transfer them abroad without restrictions. Interest earned is tax-exempt in India, making it ideal for wealth accumulation in local currency while avoiding double taxation.
NRO (Non-Resident Ordinary) Deposit
NRO deposits are designed for managing income earned in India, such as rent or dividends. Interest is taxable at prevailing rates, and repatriation of funds is subject to a maximum annual ceiling and documentation. This account ensures smooth consolidation of domestic earnings under one roof.
FCNR (Foreign Currency Non-Resident) Deposit
FCNR deposits are held in designated foreign currencies. Both principal and interest are fully repatriable and tax-exempt in India. There is no currency conversion risk on maturity, protecting your capital from exchange rate volatility.
RFC (Resident Foreign Currency) Deposit
Upon returning to India, NRIs can convert their foreign currency holdings into an RFC account. Principal and interest remain fully repatriable. Interest is taxable, but the account safeguards your hard-earned foreign currency savings against exchange rate swings.
Benefits of Fixed Deposit
Capital Protection: Your principal is guaranteed, preserving your initial investment securely.
Predictable Returns: Fixed interest rates ensure you know your maturity amount in advance.
Flexible Tenures: Options range from a few days to ten years for planning goals.
Varied Payout Options: Choose interest payments monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, annually or at maturity.
Low Minimum Investment: Open deposits with small sums, making them accessible to all investors.
Loan Facility Against FD: Borrow funds using your deposit as collateral without breaking the FD.
Automatic Renewal: Seamless rollover at maturity keeps your savings active without manual steps.
Deposit Insurance Coverage: Government-backed protection up to ₹5 lakh per depositor per bank.
Features of Fixed Deposit
Low Deposit Amount: Many institutions allow opening FDs with minimum sums as low as ₹1,000, making this investment accessible to diverse savers. This threshold encourages disciplined savings habits among new investors.
Fixed Tenure: FD tenures vary widely, from seven days up to ten years. Short-term tenures suit near-term expenses, while longer tenures support goals like retirement planning or property purchase. This range allows alignment with personal financial plans.
Fixed Interest Rates: Once booked, the interest rate on an FD remains unchanged throughout the selected tenure, shielding investors from market volatility. Depositors can choose compounding frequencies—monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or annual—to suit their growth preferences.
Premature Withdrawal: Most FDs allow breaking the deposit after a minimum lock-in—commonly six months—subject to a modest penalty of 0.50%–1.00%. This option provides emergency liquidity while maintaining the principle of term discipline.
Loan Against FD: Most institutions permit loans against active FDs up to 75%–90% of the deposit value at favourable rates. This allows access to funds without breaking the FD, preserving interest accrual and tenure benefits.
Interest Payout Options: Depositors can choose periodic interest distributions—monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or annual—or opt for compounding until maturity. Such flexibility caters to periodic income needs or maximises returns through compound growth.
Who Should Invest in an FD?
New Investors
Individuals beginning their savings journey often seek clarity and security. Fixed deposits require minimal financial know-how, carry no market-linked volatility and guarantee returns. This simplicity helps new investors build confidence in disciplined saving without worrying about share price fluctuations or intricate portfolio allocations.
Retirement Planning
Pre-retirees and recent retirees benefit from predictable income streams. With options for regular interest payouts—monthly, quarterly, or annual—FDs can supplement pensions or annuities. The capital protection feature ensures that the principal is preserved, providing peace of mind alongside a steady flow of funds to cover living expenses.
Conservative Investors
Those with low risk tolerance seek investments that prioritise safety over high returns. FDs shield principal from market swings and are backed by deposit insurance up to specified limits. The guaranteed interest makes them an attractive option for conservative portfolios, balancing more volatile assets with a secure, fixed-income component.
Short-term Goals
Financial objectives such as purchasing a gadget, funding a certification course, or organising a family event within one year can be planned via medium-term FDs. By matching deposit tenures to goal timelines, investors ensure that funds mature precisely when needed, avoiding the risk of emergency withdrawals or market downturns derailing their plans.
Emergency Funds
A laddered FD investment strategy—where equal sums mature at staggered intervals—creates a reliable liquidity buffer. Should urgent expenses arise, one deposit can be accessed without penalty after the minimum lock-in, while the remaining FDs continue to earn higher rates. This approach combines the safety of FDs with the flexibility of periodic cash availability.
Eligibility Criteria for Fixed Deposit
Resident Individuals: Indian residents aged 18 or above.
Non-Resident Indians: NRIs with valid passport and overseas address proof.
Minors: Under-18 applicants with parent or guardian as joint holder.
Hindu Undivided Families (HUFs): Represented by the Karta.
Partnership Firms and Sole Proprietorships: With authorised signatory.
Trusts and Societies: Registered bodies with a valid deed.
Companies and Corporates: As per board resolution.
Documents Required to Open Fixed Deposits
Proof of Identity: Passport, driving licence, Aadhaar or national identity card.
Proof of Address: Utility bill, bank statement or rental agreement (recent).
Photographs: Two passport-sized photographs of each applicant.
Permanent Account Number (PAN): Copy of PAN card or Form 60/61.
KYC Form: Duly completed Know Your Customer application.
Bank Account Details: Cancelled cheque or passbook copy for linking.
NRI Applicants: Passport, overseas address proof, NRI bank statement.
Corporate/Institutional Entities: Board resolution, certificate of incorporation and authorised signatory proof.
How to Open an FD?
Online
Visit the institution’s secure portal or mobile app.
Complete the online FD application form.
Upload scanned KYC documents and photograph.
Choose tenure, amount and payout frequency.
Make payment via net banking, debit card or UPI.
Receive digital receipt and e-passbook instantly.
Offline
Collect and fill the FD application form.
Submit form along with KYC proofs and photographs.
Deposit the required amount via cheque or cash.
Obtain a stamped deposit receipt for records.
How to Choose the Right Fixed Deposit?
Compare interest rates across tenures and institutions.
Assess compounding frequency (monthly, quarterly, annual).
Check premature withdrawal penalties and lock-in periods.
Review loan-against-FD facility and investment processing charges.
Consider digital booking benefits and special schemes.
Match tenure with financial goals for optimal liquidity.
Why Invest in Fixed Deposits?
Guaranteed Returns
Fixed deposits (FDs) offer assured returns that are not influenced by market fluctuations. Once booked, the interest rate remains fixed throughout the tenure, allowing investors to know exactly how much they will receive on maturity. The predictability makes FDs ideal for those who seek financial certainty. This feature is especially useful for those planning future expenses like higher education, weddings, or buying property, where exact figures are needed for budgeting.
Capital Protection
FDs are considered one of the safest investment options available. Your principal amount remains protected for the full tenure, provided the institution remains solvent. Additionally, deposits are often covered under a government-backed insurance scheme that safeguards a fixed amount per depositor per institution Individuals who prefer preserving capital over aggressive growth, such as retirees or conservative investors, often choose FDs for their risk-free nature.
Tax Deduction Under Section 80C
Tax-saving fixed deposits offer an additional benefit under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act. Investments up to ₹1.5 lakh in these FDs can be claimed as deductions from your total taxable income in a financial year. While the interest earned is taxable, the upfront deduction makes it an attractive choice for those planning tax-efficient savings. These FDs come with a five-year lock-in period and are suitable for long-term goals while providing tax relief.
Loan Against Fixed Deposit
In times of financial need, an FD can serve as a security to obtain a loan. Most institutions allow loans against FDs up to 75%-90% of the deposit amount. This facility allows investors to meet urgent cash needs without breaking the deposit and losing out on interest. Loan interest rates are generally lower than unsecured loans since the FD acts as collateral. This feature ensures liquidity without compromising the original investment or its returns.
Credit Card Against Fixed Deposit
Individuals with no credit history or poor credit scores can apply for a secured credit card backed by an FD. The credit limit is usually linked to the deposit amount, reducing the risk for the issuer. Timely repayment of bills helps improve credit scores, making this an excellent option for students, new professionals, or individuals rebuilding their credit profiles. The card also comes with rewards and benefits similar to unsecured cards, providing financial flexibility and credit access.
Ideal for All Types of Investors
Whether you're a risk-averse investor, a retiree looking for monthly income, or a salaried professional planning for short-term goals, FDs cater to all profiles. With flexible tenures, varied payout options, and competitive rates, they offer a stable and reliable way to grow your savings.
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Who Qualifies for a Fixed Deposit Account in India?
Indian Nationals
Any resident Indian aged 18 or above can open an FD in their sole name. Joint accounts are permitted for spouses, parents, children and siblings.
NRIs
Non-Resident Indians holding valid passport and NRI status proof may open NRE, NRO or FCNR deposits, subject to investment regulations and repatriation norms.
Minors
Minors (below 18 years) can open FDs with a parent or guardian as the joint account holder. On reaching majority, they may convert it into a sole account.
Elderly People
Retired individuals and senior citizens enjoy additional interest benefits. They qualify under the same categories but access specialised senior-citizen schemes.
Companies
Private, public and limited companies can open corporate FDs against board-approved resolutions. Deposits are subject to corporate governance and authorised signatory documentation.
Clubs and Societies
Registered clubs, societies and charitable trusts may open FDs under their organisation’s name with governing body authorisation.
Single-Person Business
Sole proprietorships can invest surplus business funds into FDs, treated as individual deposits but linked to the proprietor’s identity.
Investors (Alone or in Groups)
Hindu Undivided Families, partnerships and joint ventures can place group funds into FDs. Each entity must furnish appropriate partnership deeds or group authorisation.
Company Partnerships
Limited liability partnerships and general partnerships may invest via authorised partners, submitting partnership agreements and KYC documents for each partner.
Fixed deposits remain a cornerstone of prudent financial planning. The structured tenures and assured returns suit a wide spectrum of investors—from first-time savers and retirees to corporate entities and NRIs. Low minimum deposit requirements, flexible payout options and additional benefits—such as tax savings, loan and credit card facilities—enhance their utility. By matching tenure with personal goals and comparing features like compounding frequency and premature withdrawal penalties, investors can tailor FDs to their needs. With capital protection and deposit insurance, fixed deposits deliver stability in uncertain markets, making them an indispensable component of a balanced portfolio.
Frequently Asked Questions
Investing in Fixed Deposits
What is the full form of FD?
FD stands for “Fixed Deposit.” It is a financial instrument provided by banks and other deposit-taking institutions, where a lump sum is deposited for a predetermined period at a fixed rate of interest. The deposit remains locked until maturity, upon which the principal and accrued interest are returned. Fixed deposits offer capital safety, predictable returns and flexible tenure options.
Why should I start an FD?
Putting your money into a fixed deposit is a way to ensure that your money grows without the risk of market fluctuations. These products are low risk and flexible, allowing you to choose your term duration and deposit amount. These products earn you better returns than most traditional savings accounts, so you can make the best of your corpus.
How do I choose a fixed deposit?
Choosing the right FD involves comparing interest rates, tenure options and compounding frequency:
Evaluate current rates for your required lock-in period, balancing higher yields against liquidity needs.
Consider the minimum deposit, premature-withdrawal penalty and loan-against-FD facility.
Assess digital-booking advantages—online rates may be marginally higher. Confirm deposit-insurance coverage limits.
Finally, match tenure to your financial goal, whether short-term expense planning or long-term wealth accumulation.
By weighing these factors, you can select an FD that maximises returns.
What is NRE Fixed Deposit?
An NRE fixed deposit is a rupee deposit opened by NRIs to park foreign earnings in India. Principal and interest are fully repatriable without restrictions. Interest earned is tax-exempt in India. Funds deposited must originate from an NRE account funded by overseas income. Tenures range from one year to ten years, with standard compounding options. The scheme shields NRIs from currency risk, as both deposit and withdrawal occur in Indian rupees. It suits those seeking secure returns and complete repatriation benefits.
What is the difference between NRE FD and NRO FD?
NRE FDs are rupee deposits funded with offshore earnings, offering full repatriation of principal and interest. NRO FDs are rupee deposits for domestic income with restricted repatriation and taxable interest. While NRE balances cannot accept income earned in India, NRO accounts consolidate rental, dividend or pension receipts. Tenures and interest-payout options remain similar, but repatriation rules and tax treatment differ.
Can minors open a fixed deposit account?
Yes, minors can invest in fixed deposits with a parent or guardian as joint account holder. The guardian must complete KYC and sign the deposit form on the minor’s behalf. On reaching 18 years, the minor can convert the FD into a sole account by submitting identity proof and fresh KYC. The deposit enjoys the same interest rates and tenures as regular FDs. A nomination facility is also available to ensure seamless succession.
What is an FD nomination?
An FD nomination lets you designate beneficiaries to receive deposit proceeds upon your demise. It simplifies succession, avoids complications, and ensures transfer of principal and accumulated interest without probate delays.
Benefits of Fixed Deposits
How will I receive the FD maturity amount?
When an FD matures, principal and accumulated interest are disbursed as per your chosen payout mode. Proceeds—comprising the deposited sum and earned interest—are credited directly into your linked savings or current account electronically. Alternatively, you may request a bank cheque or demand draft in your name. For digital FDs, e-payments are instant upon maturity. Some institutions also offer auto-renewal options where principal (and optionally interest) rolls over into a new deposit at prevailing rates unless you instruct otherwise.
What is the FD interest rate for senior citizens?
Senior citizens receive 0.50% p.a. extra on even the best fixed deposit rates as per regulations. Consequently, if general rates range from 6.50% to 7.75% p.a., senior rates span 7.00% to 8.25% p.a. across tenures. Interest compounds quarterly or monthly, while flexible payout options and enhanced yields provide income boosts for retirees. It is best to check with your financial institution about their FD offerings for senior citizens.
How often will I receive interest?
Interest payout frequency depends on your selected scheme. Options typically include monthly, quarterly, half-yearly, annual or at maturity. Payout modes vary. Monthly payouts provide regular income, while annual or cumulative options boost compounding. Confirm available frequencies before placing your deposit.
Can depositors get interests on a monthly basis?
Yes, fixed deposits offer a monthly interest payout option. You can choose to receive interest directly into your linked account each month, preserving the principal and supplying regular cash flow.
Eligibility for Investing in Fixed Deposits
Who can invest in an FD scheme in India?
Resident individuals and nationals, including non-resident Indians, can open FDs. Minors require a guardian as joint holder. HUFs, partnership firms, companies, trusts, societies and sole proprietorships also qualify. All applicants are required to complete KYC and submit requisite documents to start an FD.
What is the minimum deposit amount allowed for opening an FD?
Most institutions set the minimum deposit for opening a fixed deposit at ₹1,000, making it accessible to small savers and first-time investors. Some digital platforms and promotional schemes may allow even lower thresholds—such as ₹100 or ₹500—to encourage online bookings. Conversely, corporate fixed deposit offerings often require larger sums, sometimes ₹50,000 or more, reflecting their institutional nature. While the minimum is usually nominal, confirm any specific product requirements, as special FDs—like tax-saving or senior-citizen schemes—may mandate higher deposit amounts.
Is it compulsory to submit a PAN to open an FD?
Yes, submitting a PAN card is mandatory for fixed deposit accounts in India. Institutions require it to comply with tax regulations and enable Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) reporting. If PAN is unavailable, you must provide a Form 60/61 declaration. Failure to submit may result in higher TDS at 20%.
What are the minimum and maximum terms of fixed deposit schemes?
Fixed deposit tenures usually start at seven days, extending up to ten years. Some institutions offer special short-term tenures as low as one day. Long-term FDs can be extended beyond ten years under select investment plans. Always verify tenure limits and associated rates before booking to align with your financial objectives.
Taxability of Fixed Deposits
Is FD tax-free?
Fixed deposits are not tax-free. Interest earned is taxable per income tax slab. However, interest up to ₹50,000 p.a. for senior citizens qualifies under Section 80TTB, and tax-saving FDs offer principal deduction under Section 80C with a five-year lock-in.
Is the interest earned on a fixed deposit taxable?
Yes, interest earned on fixed deposits is taxable per income tax slab. Institutions deduct tax at source if interest exceeds the annual threshold, subject to PAN and Form 15G/15H filings.
How much tax is deducted on FD interest income?
Tax Deducted at Source (TDS) on fixed deposit interest applies when total interest in a financial year exceeds ₹40,000 for general and ₹50,000 for senior citizens. Institutions deduct TDS at 10% provided PAN is submitted; otherwise, at 20%. If your actual tax liability is lower, you can claim refunds by filing returns or submitting Form 15G/15H. Rates and limits follow current regulations.
Managing Fixed Deposits
What is the minimum lock-in period for a Tax-Saving FD?
Tax-saving FDs carry a mandatory five-year lock-in period during which premature withdrawal is not permitted under prevailing regulations, no exceptions.
Does premature withdrawal negatively affect fixed deposit earnings?
Yes, premature withdrawal of an FD typically incurs a financial penalty—often a reduction of 0.50%–1.00% on the interest rate. This lowers the effective yield and significantly reduces your overall earnings.
What happens if I want to liquidate my FD before maturity?
Liquidating an FD before maturity triggers a penalty—a reduced interest rate, typically 0.50%–1.00% lower than the booked rate. Your final payout will reflect this adjusted rate for the holding period.
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