A Person of Indian Origin (PIO) and Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) refer to individuals who have connections to India and/or Indians but are not Indian citizens. You may have heard of Non-Resident Indians or NRIs - Indian citizens who live abroad for a major part of the year. However, PIOs and OCIs are usually citizens of another country who hold a close tie with India. Despite this major similarity between PIOs and OCIs, there are some key points of difference between them.
Since dual citizenship is not yet allowed in India, these individuals must apply for a specific PIO or OCI card that enables them to enjoy certain rights and privileges in the country. Let’s learn about the difference between a PIO and an OCI in detail.
Who is a PIO (Person of Indian Origin)?
A Person of Indian Origin (PIO) is someone who is not a citizen of India but has Indian ancestry or previously held an Indian passport. This could mean the person, their parents, or grandparents, were born in India and held Indian citizenship at one point.
Individuals who are married to Indian citizens or those who have a connection with India through marriage can also be eligible for PIO status.
The PIO card can make it easier for such individuals to travel to India, conduct business, or pursue education here.
Citizens of Pakistan, Bangladesh, China, Iran, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal, and Afghanistan cannot hold a PIO card.
Note:
As of January 2015, the PIO scheme has been merged with the OCI scheme to make the process simpler. The government is planning to phase out the PIO scheme, as new PIO cards will no longer be issued, and older cards will be required to be converted to OCI cards.
Advantages of Having a PIO Card
While the PIO card is not issued any more, understanding its benefits can help you get a better understanding of the difference between a PIO and an OCI.
- The holder can visit India visa-free for up to 15 years (from the date of issuance of the PIO card).
- PIO cardholders are exempted from registering with the Foreign Regional Registration Offices (FRROs) or Foreign Registration Offices (FROs) for stays under 180 days. However, a longer stay than the given limit will require them to register with an FRRO/FRO.
- They can access financial, educational, and healthcare institutions in the country.
- They can create their PAN (Permanent Account Number) account, have a driver’s license, open a bank account, buy a life insurance policy for NRIs, and more.
- PIOs have equal rights to that of NRIs; so, they can own properties (except agricultural land) and invest in Indian businesses.
Who is an OCI (Overseas Citizen of India)?
An Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) refers to a foreign national who was an Indian citizen or became eligible to be one on or after 26th January 1950. It can also include those who come from a region that eventually became a part of India after 15th August 1947. Descendants (children or grandchildren) of such persons can also apply for the OCI status. However, individuals who have held Pakistani or Bangladeshi citizenship are not eligible for an OCI card.
Currently, OCI is the only active scheme for foreign nationals who have a connection with India and want to retain it. While the OCI card does grant the holder several rights and privileges in India, it is not equal to Indian citizenship.
Advantages of an OCI Card
OCI cardholders enjoy several privileges that make it easier for them to stay connected with India:
- The OCI card acts as a lifelong, multiple-entry visa to India.
- OCI cardholders do not need to register with the authorities when visiting India, regardless of how long they are staying.
- OCIs enjoy rights on par with NRIs when it comes to economic, financial, and educational benefits. They can also own property in India. However, they are not allowed to own agricultural land.
- OCIs are also eligible to buy financial products in India, including term insurance for NRIs. If they wish to invest in Indian market-linked instruments, they can opt for a Unit-Linked Insurance Plan or a ULIP for NRIs or other equity-focused options.
Documents to Apply for an OCI Card
To enjoy the above benefits, you must apply for an OCI card by submitting the following documents:
- Indian passport (if previously held)
- Currently held passport (of the country where you are a citizen)
- Proof of Indian origin, if applicable - documents pertaining to your parents or grandparents’ Indian citizenship will be needed
- Proof of relationship to the Indian ancestor (on whose basis you are applying for the OCI card)
- Birth certificate
- Passport-sized photograph
- Filled-out application form.
If you are migrating to OCI from the PIO scheme, you will also need to submit your existing PIO card.
While OCIs and PIOs do enjoy certain rights, their status also brings along with it some restrictions to distinguish them from NRIs or Indian citizens.
Restrictions of OCI and PIO Cards
Individuals holding a PIO or an OCI card will face the following limitations:
- Cannot own agricultural property in India.
- Cannot vote in Indian elections or be elected to parliamentary or constitutional offices.
- Cannot travel to certain areas, unless they have the permit to do so.
- Cannot carry out missionary or research work, unless they have the special permit to do so.
- Cannot hold government jobs.
In addition, the individuals must also keep the laws and regulations of their home country in mind. Holding a PIO or an OCI card should be within the legal norms set by their home country.
Differences between a PIO and an OCI Card
The following table highlights the main points of difference between a PIO and an OCI:
Parameter
| PIO
| OCI
|
Eligibility
| - Individuals who previously held an Indian passport or who have recent Indian ancestors.
- Spouses of such individuals.
| - Individuals who held Indian citizenship or were eligible for the same on or after 26th January 1950
- Individuals who come from a region that became Indian territory after 15th August 1947
- Descendants of such individuals.
|
Card Validity
| Used to be valid for 15 years.
| Valid for a lifetime.
|
Registration with the FRRO/FRO
| Cardholders can stay in India for up to 180 days without registering with the FRRO/FRO; a longer period than that requires FRRO registration within 30 days.
| No need to register with the FRRO/FRO regardless of the stay duration.
|
Benefits
| - Allows visa-free entry to the country for up to 15 years
- Allows access to reside, study, and work as long as the card is valid
- Can participate in business and own property (except agricultural land).
| - Allows lifelong, visa-free entry multiple times
- Can study, work, and live in the country for as long as they want
- Can conduct business operations and buy property (except agricultural land).
|
Issuance
| No longer issued; existing PIO cards need to be converted to OCI cards.
| Continue to be issued for those who are eligible.
|
PIOs and NRIs are also eligible for tax benefits. For instance, if they have bought a term insurance plan, they can claim life insurance tax benefits and reduce tax outgo up to ₹1.5 lakhs under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act of 1961. **
While there are some differences between PIOs and OCIs, they both refer to individuals who want to retain a connection to India. To continue enjoying the benefits and invest in India’s developing economy, PIOs and other eligible individuals must apply for an OCI card. Doing so can ensure smoother access to travel, financial services, and long-term opportunities in India.
** Tax exemptions are as per applicable tax laws from time to time.
Customers 
Distributor 
Partner with Us 
Employee 
