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13 Aug 2024

Bharatanatyam: A Timeless Dance Tradition Born in India

Written by

The Logical Indian

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Introduction

Bharatanatyam, a mesmerising dance form, finds its roots in the rich cultural tapestry of India. Originating in the Hindu temples of Tamil Nadu in southern India, this classical dance is a testament to the country's history and traditions. Let's explore the fascinating journey of Bharatanatyam, from its ancient beginnings to its vibrant presence today.

Ancient Roots

Bharatanatyam's story begins in the pages of the Natya Shastra, an ancient text on artistic expression. Legend has it that Lord Brahma himself, the creator, performed this dance for sage Bharata, who documented it in the Natya Shastra. Dating back to 300 BCE, Bharatanatyam found its initial expression in the sacred rituals of South Indian temples. Devadasis, dedicated dancers in service of the divine, graced these temples with their performances, combining dance with spoken services.

Medieval Marvels

As centuries passed, Bharatanatyam continued to evolve, leaving its indelible mark on the temples of South India. Sculptures of Lord Shiva in Bharatanatyam poses adorned many temples, showcasing the dance's significance. The Badami cave temples in Karnataka displayed a magnificent 5-ft tall sculpture of Lord Shiva as Nataraja, embodying the essence of Bharatanatyam with intricate mudras (hand gestures) and expressive movements.

Colonial Challenges

However, during the colonial era, Bharatanatyam faced a period of oppression. British colonial rulers viewed the Devadasis with disdain, associating the revered tradition with courtesans. In the 19th century, they imposed a ban on various classical Indian art forms, including Bharatanatyam. The dance that once thrived in temple precincts was now deemed disgraceful.

Revival Efforts

The dance, resilient as ever, found champions in classical art revivalists. E. Krishna Iyer, a lawyer, activist, and dancer, joined forces with theosophist Rukmini Devi Arundale to resurrect Bharatanatyam. Despite facing imprisonment for nationalism, Iyer advocated for the dance's renewal. Together, they founded the Madras Music Academy, becoming beacons in the struggle to save traditional art forms from extinction.

Modern Flourish

Post-independence, Bharatanatyam experienced a renaissance, spreading across social classes and gaining global recognition. Today, it is celebrated not only in India but also on international stages. The dance has evolved into various styles, with schools teaching Melathoor, Pandanallur, Vazhavoor, and Kalakshetra forms.

Principles and Techniques

Bharatanatyam is a dance of precision and expression, encompassing three broad divisions: Nritta, Nritya, and Natya. Nritta focuses on technical movements without interpretive elements, Nritya incorporates spiritual themes with expressive gestures, and Natya involves interpretive dance for specific characters.

Dress and Performance

The attire of Bharatanatyam dancers is a visual spectacle. Elaborate tailor-made saris with pleated fabric create a fan-like effect during intricate footwork. Ankle straps (ghunghru) emphasise foot movements, while jewellery and makeup enhance facial expressions. Performances are a journey through six segments: Alarippu, Jathiswaram, Shabdam, Varnam, Padam, and Tillana, each contributing to the narrative with varying rhythms and expressions.

Famous Dancers

Bharatanatyam boasts a constellation of renowned performers like Alarmel Valli, Anita Ratnam, Balasaraswati, and Dr. Rekha Raju. These artists have contributed to the dance's legacy, captivating audiences with their skill and artistry.

In conclusion, Bharatanatyam, born in the temples of India, has endured challenges and transformations over the centuries. Its journey reflects the resilience of a cultural gem that continues to enchant and inspire, embodying the essence of Bhava (emotions), Raga (melody), and Tala (rhythm). This classical dance remains a proud testament to India's cultural heritage, inviting audiences worldwide to revel in its beauty and grace

References

Centre for cultural resources and training https://ccrtindia.gov.in/bharatnatyam-dance/
Britannica - https://www.britannica.com/art/bharata-natyam
The Hindu - https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/the-kalakshetra-baani-festival-2016-showcased-the-different-dance-styles/article8417880.ece
Indian Net Zone - https://www.indianetzone.com/1/bharatnatyam.htm#google_vignette

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Headquartered in Mumbai, IndiaFirst Life Insurance Company Limited (IndiaFirst Life), is one of the country's youngest life insurance companies. The Logical Indian is an independent and public-spirited digital media platform for Indian Millennials. IndiaFirst Life and The Logical Indian have come together to showcase India’s rich history of innovation in different fields of life which have made a significant mark on humanity and globally. Please note, The information presented here is the result of a collaborative effort between The IndiaFirst Life, Dentsu Creative & The Logical Indian. All research and fact-finding is credited to Dentsu Creative in association with The Logical Indian.

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